Vermiform appendix: positions and length: a study of 377 cases and literature review / Apêndice vermiforme: posições e comprimento: estudo de 377 casos e revisão de literatura

Objective: Evaluation of the frequency of the relative positions and length of vermiform appendix in a group of corpses examined by the authors. Method: Dissection of 377 adult cadavers autopsied. Results and conclusions: Retrocecal: 43.5%; subcecal: 24.4% post-ileal: 14.3%, pelvic: 9.3%; paracecal: 5.8%; and pre-ileal appendices: 2.4%, other positions: 0.27%, mean length: 11.4 cm. (AU)

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliação da frequência das posições relativas e do comprimento do apêndice vermiforme em um grupo de cadáveres examinados pelos autores. Método: Dissecção de 377 cadáveres adultos necropsiados. Resultados e conclusões: Apêndices retrocecais: 43,5%, subcecais: 24,4%, pós-ileais: 14,3%, pélvico: 9,3%, paracecais: 5,8%, pré-ileais 2,4%, outras posic¸ões: 0,27%. Comprimento médio: 11,4 cm. (AU)

Gross anatomy of the intestine and their peritoneal folds in the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

The species belonging to the order Rodentia have great noticeable differences in their intestinal anatomy, particularly in the cecum and ascending colon. The anatomy of the intestines and its their mesenteries of Chinchilla lanigera have not been completely described. In the present study, ten adult Chinchilla lanigerawere studied using gross dissection. The small intestine was divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum as usual. The duodenum started at the pylorus with a cranial portion, which dilated forming a duodenal ampulla. The ileum was very short and attached to the coiled cecum by means of the iliocecal fold. The ascending colon presented three parts. The first one, starting from the cecum and attached to it by the cecocolic fold presented sacculations on its external part. This could be named proximal loop (Ansa proximalis coli), having two parts, a proximal and distal one. The second part of the ascending colon was simple (Pars intermedia). The last part of the ascending colon (Ansa distalis coli) extended from the intermediate part to the right colic flexure. The distal ansa was formed by two parts parallel to each other and joined by an apical flexure and the ascending mesocolon. The descending duodenum was fixed to the pars intermedia of the ascending colon by a peritoneal fold named accessory duodenocolic fold. The ascending duodenum was fixed by the duodenocolic fold to the descending colon. This study indicates that there are minor differences in the divisions of the intestine and their peritoneal folds, as it usually happens when comparing other rodents.

Características anatómicas y biométricas del apéndice vermiforme en niños chilenos operados por apendicitis aguda / Anatomic and biometric features of the vermiform appendix in Chilean children operated by acute appendicitis

Las características biométricas del apéndice vermiforme no son constantes en el ser humano, así como tampoco lo es su posición. Los datos sobre sus variaciones aún son limitados, pero muestran la existencia de diferencias dependiendo de la región geográfica y racial de los individuos. En Latinoamérica no existen estudios anatómicos in vivo publicados por lo que las referencias se basan sólo en observaciones post mortem. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar y describir las características biométricas y posiciones anatómicas del apéndice vermiforme. Para ello se realizaron observaciones directas y mediciones del apéndice vermiforme en 65 niños chilenos, 37 de sexo masculino y 28 del femenino, operados por apendicitis aguda en los hospitales regionales del Maule y Aysén. Se consideraron variables como: ubicación del ciego, posición y longitud del apéndice, forma y número de ramas arteriales del mesoapéndice. La edad y peso promedio fue de 9,7 años y 37,5 kg., respectivamente. El ciego se localizó en la fosa ilíaca derecha en 62 pacientes (95,4 por ciento) y en el flanco derecho en 3 (4,6 por ciento). La longitud promedio del apéndice fue de 7,5 cm. La posición más frecuente del apéndice vermiforme fue la retrocecal (47 por ciento), seguida de la pélvica (29 por ciento). El mesoapéndice fue mayoritariamente triangular, con tres ramas arteriales y se insertó principalmente en el tercio medio del apéndice. La vía de abordaje más frecuente fue la laparotomía de McBurney, seguida de la laparoscópica. La vía de abordaje laparoscópica presenta ventajas relacionadas con un menor tamaño de incisión cutánea, mejor exploración de la cavidad peritoneal, visualización más cercana de los órganos, mayor facilidad en la disección y extracción del apéndice con recuperación más rápida y estadía hospitalaria más corta.

The biometric features of the vermiform appendix are not constant in humans, and neither is his position. Data on its variations are still limited, but show the existence of differences depending on geographic region and race of individuals. In Latin America there are no published in vivo anatomical studies as references are based only on postmortem observations. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the biometric features and anatomical positions of the vermiform appendix. For this purpose direct observations and measurements of the vermiform appendix in 65 Chilean children, of both sexes, 37 male and 28 female, operated for acute appendicitis in Maule regional and Aysen hospitals were performed. Variables such as location of the cecum, appendix position and length, shape and number of arterial branches of mesoappendix. The average age and average weight was 9.7 years and 37.5 kg. respectively. The ceacum was localized in the right iliac fossa in 62 patients (95.4 percent) and in the right flank in 3 patients. The vermiform appendix average length was 7.5 c. In the total sample the most frequent position of the vermiform appendix was retrocecal (47 percent), followed by pelvic (29 percent).The mesoappendix was mostly triangular, with three branch arteries and inserted mainly in the middle third of the appendix. The most common surgical approach was laparotomy McBurney, followed by laparoscopy. The laparoscopic technique has advantages related to a smaller skin incision, better exploration of the peritoneal cavity, close viewing of the organs, easier dissection and removal of the appendix with faster recovery and shorter hospital stay.

Gross anatomy of the intestine and their peritonealfolds in the tucu - tucu (Ctenomys pearsoni)

The anatomy of the intestines and its mesenteries of Ctenomys pearsoni have not been described. In the presentstudy, ten adult Ctenomys pearsoni were studied using gross dissection. The small intestine was divided intoduodenum, jejunum and ileum as usual. The duodenum started at the pylorus with a cranial portion, whichdilated forming a duodenal ampulla. The ileum was very short and attached to the coiled cecum by means ofthe iliocecal fold. The ascending colon had one ansa with two parts, one proximal and one distal. Both partsof the ascending colon’s ansa were parallel to each other and joined by an apical flexure and the ascendingmesocolon. The descending duodenum was fixed to the proximal part of the ascending colon by a peritonealfold named accessory duodenocolic fold. The ascending duodenum was fixed by the duodenocolic fold to thedescending colon. This study indicates that there are minor differences in the divisions of the intestine andtheir peritoneal folds, as it usually happens when comparing other rodents.

Analysis of myenteric neurons of the cecum of diabetic rats after supplementation with ascorbic acid / Análisis de neuronas mientéricas del ciego de ratas diabéticas después de suplementación con ácido ascórbico

The objective of this work was to investigate the neuroprotective action of the ascorbic acid over the myenteric neurons in the cecum of Wistar rats, four months after induction of the diabetes mellitus experimental with streptozotocin. Three groups with five rats each were used: C- controls, D- diabetic, DA- diabetic treated with ascorbic acid. For evidentiation of the myenteric neurons was carried out to Giemsa's technique. Were evaluated the areas of cell bodies of 500 neurons in each group studied. The quantitative analysis was carried out in an area of 16.6 mm2 in each cecum studied. In the animals diabetic observed elevation of the glycemia and glycated hemoglobin. The supplementation with ascorbic acid was effective under the myenteric neurons of the cecum of diabetics rays, since was presented the effect neuroprotective and neurotrofic.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar el efecto neuroprotector del ácido ascórbico sobre las neuronas mientéricas en el ciego de Rattus Wistar, cuatro meses después de la inducción de diabetes mellitus experimental con estreptozotocina. Utilizamos tres grupos de animales: C- control, D- diabético, DA- diabético tratado con ácido ascórbico. Para la observación de las neuronas mientéricas fue llevado a cabo la técnica de Giemsa. Fueron evaluadas las áreas del soma de 500 neuronas, en cada grupo estudiado. El análisis cuantitativo fue llevado a cabo, en cada ciego, en un área de 16,6 mm². En los animales diabéticos, se observó la elevación de la glicemia y de la hemoglobina glicosilada. La suplementación con ácido ascórbico fue efectiva en las neuronas mientéricas del ciego de animales diabéticos, ya que se produjeron los efectos neuroprotetor y neurotrófico.

The number and profile of reactive NADH-d and NADPH-d neurons of myenteric plexus of six-month-old rats are different in the cecum portions / O número de neurônios e a área do perfil neuronal NADH-d e NADPH-d reativos do plexo mioentérico de ratos com seis meses de idade são diferentes nas diferentes porções e regiões do ceco

Whole-mount preparations were prepared and submitted to NADH-diaphorase and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry techniques. The myenteric plexus arrangement and the number of neurons were comparatively evaluated among the different portions of the cecum. The neurons from the apical and basal regions were distributed in classes at intervals of 100µm², the means of the corresponding intervals being compared. The ganglia, in both techniques, were often connected by fine bundles, which became thicker in the mesenteric region and in the region next to the cecal ampulla. The number of positive NADH-d neurons was higher than that of NADPH-d neurons in all portions, from both regions. The numbers of reactive NADH-d e NADPH-d neurons were significantly different among the different portions of the cecum, except for the antimesenteric basal and intermediate basal regions, considering the NADH-d neurons. The profile area for the reactive NADH-d e NADPH-d neurons was higher in the apical region than in the basal area. Differences in arrangement, distribution and size of positive NADH-d e NADPH-d neurons in the different cecum portions evidenced the importance of the subdivision of the analyzed organ.

Estudaram-se o arranjo do plexo mioentérico, o número de neurônios e a área do perfil do corpo celular (µm²) dos neurônios mioentéricos, nas regiões apical e basal do ceco de ratos Wistar com 6 meses de idade. Estas regiões foram subdivididas nas seguintes porções: apical mesentérica (AM); apical intermediária (AI); apical antimesentérica (AA); próximo à ampola cecal (PA); basal intermediária (BI), e basal antimesentérica (BA). Foram montados preparados de membrana que receberam as técnicas histoquímica de NADH-diaforase (NADH-d) e NADPH-diaforase (NADPH-d). O arranjo do plexo mioentérico e o número de neurônios foram avaliados comparativamente entre as diferentes porções das regiões do ceco. Os neurônios das regiões apical e basal foram distribuídos em classes com intervalos de 100µm², sendo comparadas às médias da mensuração dos pares. Os gânglios, em ambas as técnicas, apresentavam-se, em geral, conectados por feixes delicados, tornando-se mais espessos na porção mesentérica e naquela próxima à ampola cecal. O número de neurônios NADH-d positivos foi maior do que o de NADPH-d em todas as porções, de ambas as regiões. O número de neurônios reativos a NADH-d e NADPH-d foi significativamente diferente entre as diferentes porções do ceco, com exceção das comparações entre as porções basal antimesentérica e basal intermediária, para os primeiros; e entre a basal intermediária e porção próxima à ampola cecal, e comparando-se a apical mesentérica e porção próxima à ampola cecal, para os neurônios NADPH-d positivos. A área do perfil dos neurônios NADH-d e NADPH-d reativos foi maior na região apical do que na basal. Pela primeira vez, o número de neurônios do plexo mioentérico é reportado em porções pré-estabelecidas do ceco de ratos. Nossos resultados reiteram a importância da indicação precisa da porção estudada em pesquisas envolvendo este segmento intestinal.

Aspectos anátomo-histológicos e neuroendócrinos do ceco da capivara hydrochoerus hydrochaeris linnaeus, 1766 (mammalia, rodentia) / Anatomical, histological and neuron endocrine aspects of the cecum of capybara hydrochoerus hydrochaeris linnaeus, 1766 (mammalia, rodentia) / Aspectos anatómicos, histológicos y neuroendocrinos del intestino grueso (ceco)en el carpincho Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Linnaeus, 1766 (Mammalia, Rodentia)

A capivara, um roedor herbívoro de estômago simples, vem despontando-se no mercado de carnes por ter um excelente desempenho zootécnico. Sua carne é apreciada; apresenta elevado potencial reprodutivo e manifesta eficiente aproveitamento dos alimentos. Ele, provavelmente, seja conseqüência da realização da cecotrofagia, que faz do ceco, importante órgão na fisiologia digestiva desse animal, proporcionando maior aproveitamento do alimento. Na capivara, o ceco é bastante volumoso, saculado, ocupando grande parte da cavidade abdominal, e microscopicamente apresenta numerosos gânglios nervosos e células endócrinas.

ABSTRACT: The capybara, a simple stomach herbivorous rodent, has been pointed out in the market of meats for having an excellent zootechnical performance. Its meat is appreciated, and presents high reproductive potential and manifests effi cient food usage. The last item is probably a consequence of the cecotrophagy operation, which makes the cecum, an important organ in the digestive physiology of such animal, providing larger food usage. This organ in the capybara is quite voluminous, sacciform, occupying great part of the abdominal cavity and it presents microscopically numerous nervous ganglions and endocrine cells

RESUMEN: El carpincho, un roedor herbívoro de estómago simples, ha estado en el mercado de las carnes por tener un excelente desarrollo zootécnico. Su carne es apreciada, presenta elevado potencial reproductor y aprovecha de forma efi caz su alimentación. Probablemente esto sea una consecuencia de la cecotrofagia, que hace del intestino grueso (ceco) un importante órgano de la fi siologia digestiva de este animal, el cual proporciona un mayor aprovechamiento del alimento. Este órgano en el carpincho se encuentra con gran volumen, en forma de bolsa, ocupando gran parte de la cavidad abdominal y microscopicamente presenta muchos ganglios nerviosos y células endocrinas

Estudio anatómico de la región cecoapendicular del poblador peruano / Anatomical study of the cecoapendicular region of the peruvian people

Se reporta el estudio biométrico de la región cecoapendicular efectuado en 40 cadáveres de pobladores peruanos, determinando la distancia ileo-base apendicular, implantación y orientación del apéndice, referencias de suma importancia en la práctica médico quirúrgica de dicha región. El estudio se efectuó siguiendo las prácticas tradicionales de disección, encontrándose que el 47,50% corresponden a una distancia íleo-base apendicular comprendida entre 0,50 a 1,00 cm seguido de un 20,00% entre 1,70 m 2,20 cm.; considerando la implantación se registra que el 65,00% es retro-ileal y 35,00% preileal y con relación al ciego se tiene un 57,50% subcecal o libre y un 22,50% retrocecal-intra-peritoneal, identificándose la presencia de mesoapéndice en el 72,50% de los cadáveres estudiados. Estos hallazgos nos permiten considerar la importancia que debe darse al conocimiento de la región cecoapendicular que hace resaltar las características particulares del poblador peruano, llegando a la afirmación que la distancia íleo-base apendicular determinada puede dar lugar a probables complicaciones en las intervenciones quirúrgicas, más aún cuando se presenta la implantación muy cercana a la desembocadura ileal